| Free Trade for Dry Beans in NAFTA自由贸易为干豆在北美自由贸易协定 |  |  |  |
| Posted by Ross Korves 发布者罗斯Korves |
| Thursday, 20 December 2007星期四， 2007年十二月二十日 |
Dry beans are one of the commodities with a 15-year transition in NAFTA implementation even though they account for less than 1 percent of US harvested crop acres and about 110,000 metric tons of yearly exports to Mexico.干豆类是一个商品与15年在北美自由贸易协定的过渡执行即使他们占不到百分之一的美国作物收获英亩，约110000吨每年出口到墨西哥。 As with white corn, dry beans have been a traditional staple of the Mexican diet and are facing lower demand as diets become more diversified.至于白玉米，干豆一直是传统主食的饮食习惯和墨西哥正面临需求降低的饮食变得更加多样化。 Mexican production is about 1.2 million metric tons (MMT) per year by 300,000 farmers on 4 million acres.墨西哥生产的约1.2万吨（万吨） ，每年由300000农民4万英亩。 NAFTA has smoothed out shipments year to year, but US exports to Mexico are only 7 percent of the market.北美自由贸易协定进行了平滑的出货量每年，但美国出口到墨西哥的只有百分之七的市场份额。
For 2007 the US tariff rate quota (TRQ) for dry bean exports to Mexico is 73,427 MT with an over quota tariff of 11.8 percent, down from 127.8 percent at the beginning of NAFTA in 1994. 2007年，美国税率配额（配额）的干蚕豆出口到墨西哥73427吨的配额内关税超过了百分之11.8 ，低于127.8百分之年初北美自由贸易协定于1994年。 Canada has a much smaller TRQ of 2,000 MT, but has been increasing production sharply and will be a larger competitor in 2008.加拿大有一个小得多的关税配额2000吨，但已急剧增加和生产将是一个更大的竞争对手在2008年。 Per capita use of dry beans in Mexico has declined by 13 percent from an annual average of 32 pounds in 1990-94 to 28 pounds in 2002-06, still one of the highest in the world.人均使用干豆在墨西哥已经下降了百分之十三从每年平均为32英镑九〇年至94年至28英镑转播，仍然是世界上最高的。 The government hopes to increase per capita consumption by 13 percent by 2012, but that is not consistent with moving away from traditional diets as incomes rise.政府希望增加的人均消费量百分之十三到2012年，但这是不符合摆脱传统饮食随着收入的增长。
According to the US agricultural attaché in Mexico, dry beans are one of four commodities (corn, sugar and milk are the other three) the Mexican government has focused on to increase competitiveness by 2012.据美国农业随员在墨西哥，干豆是四个商品（玉米，糖和牛奶是其他三个） ，墨西哥政府把重点放在提高竞争力，到2012年。 The goal is to increase dry land yields from 460 pounds per acre today to 650-800 pounds per acre in 2012.我们的目标是提高旱地产量四百六十〇磅今天每英亩650-800公斤，以每英亩在2012年。 For irrigated land the goal is 1,600-2,000 pounds per acre compared to 1,350 pounds now.对于灌溉土地的目标是1600至2000年每英亩磅相比，现在一千三百五十〇磅。 Over 80 percent of the land used for dry bean production is non-irrigated.百分之八十以上的土地用于干豆腐生产非灌溉。 The average yield in the US for irrigated and non-irrigated is 1,700 pounds.平均收益率在美国的灌溉和非灌溉是一七零零磅。 The programs to increase yields sound familiar like strengthening institutions that work with farmers and increasing competitive supplies of inputs, credit and risk management.该节目以增加产量一样熟悉的声音加强工作机构，与农民和提高竞争力的供应投入，信贷和风险管理。 Mexico has a wide range of growers with most using traditional farming methods, while other use hybrid seeds, automated irrigation systems and advanced agronomic practices.墨西哥有广泛的种植与大多数采用传统的耕作方法，而其他使用杂交种子，自动化灌溉系统和先进农艺的做法。 The government is also encouraging less productive land to move from dry beans to grains and grasses.政府还鼓励生产力较低的土地，从干豆，以谷物和牧草。
Mexico has income safety net programs for dry bean farmers.墨西哥已收入安全网计划干豆腐的农民。 As with corn farmers, dry bean producers receive about $35 per acre as a fixed payment, with small producers with 2.5 to 12.5 acres receiving $42 per acre.随着农民玉米，干菜豆生产者得到大约35美元每英亩作为一个固定的付款，与小生产者与2.5的一十二点五英亩接受42美元每英亩。 In major dry bean growing areas the government has a minimum price of $0.22 per pound for 113,000 MT (about 17 percent of the crop in the major growing areas) delivered to local warehouses.在主要干绿豆种植区政府的最低价格为每磅0.22美元为11.300万吨（约百分之十七的作物的主要种植区）交付给当地的仓库。 That is roughly $0.05 per pound less than the average market price for all dry beans in the US in November of 2007.这是大约0.05美元每磅低于平均市场价格为所有干豆在美国2007年11月。
Dry beans in the US in 2007 were harvested on 1.48 million acres; down about 4 percent from 2006 and the lowest since 1.22 million acres were harvested in 2004 and 1.25 million acres in 2001.干豆在美国2007年收获的一百四十八点〇万英亩;下跌约百分之四，并从2006年以来的最低水平一百二十二点〇万英亩收获了2004年和一百二十五点零零零万英亩在2001年。 Acreage was up 3 percent in North Dakota and 4 percent in Minnesota.播种面积增长百分之三北达科他州和百分之四在明尼苏达州。 North Dakota at 665,000 acres had 45 percent of the dry bean acres in the US, followed by Michigan at 195,000 acres, Minnesota at 145,000 acres and Nebraska at 107,000 acres.北达科他州在六十六万五英亩了百分之四十五的干豆腐亩在美国，其次是密歇根州在十九点五〇 〇万英亩，明尼苏达州在十四点五〇万英亩和内布拉斯加州在一〇七〇 〇 〇英亩。 Total production in 2007 for all the classes of dry beans is estimated at 25.2 million hundredweights with North Dakota the leader at 10.6 million hundredweights, followed by Michigan at 3.0 million, Minnesota at 2.6 million and Nebraska at 2.4 million hundredweights.生产总量在2007年对所有类别的干豆估计为2520万hundredweights与美国北达科他州的领导人在1060万hundredweights ，其次是密歇根州3.0万美元，明尼苏达州在260万美元和内布拉斯加州在240万hundredweights 。
Mexico is the largest market for US dry beans taking 31 percent of US exports in the past two marketing years.墨西哥是最大的市场，美国干豆到百分之31日美国的出口在过去两年的营销年。 Total US exports were 6.98 million hundredweights in the 2006/07 September-August marketing year with Mexico taking 2.16 million hundredweights.美国的出口总额是6980000 hundredweights在2006/07年度9至8月市场年度墨西哥采取2160000 hundredweights 。 Canada and the United Kingdom were the second and third largest markets at 0.69 million hundredweights and 0.62 million hundredweights respectively.加拿大和英国的第二大和第三大市场0690000 hundredweights和0620000 hundredweights分别。 According to the October 2007 Vegetable and Melon Outlook from the Economic Research Service (ERS) of USDA, “Black beans and pinto beans accounted for more than three-fourths of all US dry beans shipped to Mexico in 2006/07.根据2007年10月蔬菜和甜瓜的Outlook从经济研究局（地球资源卫星）美国农业部， “黑色平托豆类和豆类占超过四分之三的美国干豆运到墨西哥在2006/07年度。 US dry bean export value to Mexico remained virtually even with a year earlier at $62 million, with black beans accounting for about $30 million in 2006/07.美国干蚕豆出口价值墨西哥甚至大致与去年同期的6200万美元，与黑豆约占3000万美元在2006/07年度。 The average export value per pound for all US dry beans shipped to Mexico was 28.9 cents, up 9 percent from a year earlier.”平均出口值为每磅为美国所有干豆运到墨西哥为28.9美分，上升百分之九从去年同期。 “
North Dakota accounted for 65 percent of US pinto bean production in 2007, up from a three year average of 50 percent, and accounted for 72 percent of the state’s total dry bean production.北达科他州的占百分之六十五的美国大豆产量平托在2007年，从3年平均百分之五十，占百分之七十二国家的总干豆腐生产。 Michigan produced 56 percent of the black beans in the US followed by North Dakota at 23 percent and Minnesota at 14 percent.密歇根州生产的百分之五十六的黑豆在美国之后在北达科他州的百分之二十三和明尼苏达州的百分之十四。 Half of Michigan’s total dry bean production is accounted for by black beans.一半的美国密西根总干豆腐生产是由黑豆。
The ERS is anticipating that US dry bean acreage may be down another 4 percent in 2008 because of competition from other crops, with production down 5 percent as yields are closer to average.地球资源卫星预计，美国大豆种植面积干旱可能会再次下降百分之四，因为在2008年的竞争从其他作物，产量下降百分之五的产量接近平均水平。 That should help maintain the current balance of supply and demand in the NAFTA markets.这将有助于维持目前的供需平衡在北美自由贸易区市场。 The US also imports dry beans from Canada and Mexico.美国还进口干豆从加拿大和墨西哥。
Mexico is taking the correct approach of encouraging efficiencies in its dry bean industry to adapt to the open market.墨西哥正在采取正确的方法是鼓励其效率的干豆腐产业，以适应开放的市场。 Trade agreements often force governments to encourage changes in production that would be good without trade agreements, but are politically unachievable without the economic pressures of competition from producers in other countries.贸易协定常常迫使政府以鼓励改变生产，将是一件好事而不贸易协定，但在政治上无法没有经济压力的竞争，由生产者于其他国家。 Dry bean trade among the three NAFTA countries will have turbulence due to the economic conditions among limited resource farmers in Mexico, increasing production in Canada and the potential for larger supplies in the US from slight shifts in US acreage.干豆腐之间的贸易三个北美自由贸易协定国家将湍流由于经济条件有限的资源之间的农民在墨西哥，增加生产在加拿大和潜力较大的用品在美国略有变化，美国的种植面积。 The ending of the NAFTA transition has come at a time of strong market prices which should ease the market adjustments.结束了北美自由贸易协定的过渡已经到来的时候强大的市场价格，缓解市场的调整。
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