| The Cost of Producing Sugar在生产成本的糖 |  |  |  |
| Posted by Ross Korves 发布者罗斯Korves |
| Thursday, 01 November 2007星期四， 07年11月1日 |
Sugar is a perennial trade issue, and with Brazil producing ethanol from sugar it has also become an issue in renewable energy production and trade.糖业是一个长期的贸易问题，并与巴西生产乙醇的甘蔗它也成为一个问题，在可再生能源的生产和贸易。 The September 27 issue of the Sugar and Sweeteners Outlook from the Economic Research Service (ERS) of USDA provided information from the consulting firm LMC International on the cost of producing sugar in 2005/06 for 40 beet-producing and 62 cane-producing countries. 9月27日出版的糖和甜味剂的Outlook从经济研究局（地球资源卫星）美国农业部提供的信息咨询公司落马洲国际上的生产成本在2005/06年度糖40甜菜生产国和62个甘蔗生产国。 The cost estimates allow comparisons of competitiveness across countries and regions and the impact of current and potential market changes.估计费用允许的比较竞争力的国家和地区的影响，现有的和潜在的市场变化。
The lowest cost sugar cane-producing countries in 2005/06 were Australia, the Central/South regions of Brazil, Columbia, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Malawi, Sudan, Zambia and Zimbabwe with an average cost of 8.69 cents per pound for raw cane and 12.39 cents per pound on a white value basis.成本最低的甘蔗生产国， 2005/06年度，澳大利亚，中部/南部地区的巴西，哥伦比亚，埃塞俄比亚，危地马拉，马拉维，苏丹，赞比亚和津巴布韦的平均费用为8.69美分，每磅为原料甘蔗和12.39美分在一个白色的价值基础。 These countries accounted for 43 percent of world sugar production.这些国家占百分之四十三，世界食糖生产。 Note that five of the nine lowest cost cane producers are in Africa, but Africa produces only 5 percent of the world’s sweeteners.请注意，五年的九个成本最低的甘蔗生产是在非洲，但非洲只有5个生产占世界的甜味剂。 The major cane sugar exporters are Australia, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, South Africa and Thailand with average cost of cane in 2005/06 of 9.2 cents per pound.主要的蔗糖出口国是澳大利亚，巴西，哥伦比亚，危地马拉，南非和泰国的平均费用在2005/06年度甘蔗9.2美分。 South Africa and Thailand are not among the lowest cost producers, but are major exporters; and none of the five lowest cost producers in Africa are major exporters.南非和泰国不属于最低的成本生产，但主要出口国; ，没有五个生产成本最低的非洲的主要出口国。 If trade in sugar were more free and biofuels production and trade increased, these African countries could play a larger role in sugar production.如果食糖贸易更加自由和生物燃料的生产和贸易的增加，这些非洲国家可以发挥更大的作用，在食糖生产。
The lowest cost beet sugar producers were Chile, China, Czech Republic, United Kingdom and the Red River Valley and Pacific Northwest of the US These countries accounted for 29 percent of the world’s sugar beet production and had average costs in 2005/06 of 21.22 cents per pound on a refined value basis.成本最低的甜菜糖生产商智利，中国，捷克共和国，联合王国和红河流域和西北太平洋的美国，这些国家占百分之二十九的世界甜菜生产，平均费用在2005/06年度的21.22美分的基础上改进的价值。 High fructose corn syrup (HFCS) competes with cane and beet sugar for some uses.高果糖玉米糖浆（高果糖浆）的竞争对手甘蔗和甜菜糖的一些用途。 The lowest cost producers were Argentina, Bulgaria, Canada, Egypt, Hungary and the US with average costs in 2005/06 of 11.5 cents per pound for 55 percent (dry weight) HFCS.成本最低的生产者阿根廷，保加利亚，加拿大，埃及，匈牙利和美国的平均费用在2005/06年度的11.5美分每磅为百分之五十五（干重）高果糖浆。
The ERS analysis of the LMC International production cost estimates also broke out sweetener costs by regions of the world for all three types (cane, beet and HFCS) for 2000/01-2005/06.地球资源卫星分析落马洲国际生产成本估计也爆发了甜味剂费用由世界各地区的所有三个类型（甘蔗，甜菜和高果糖浆）为2000/01-2005/06 。 The world average across eight regions, six years and three products was 18.35 cents per pound on a white sugar basis.世界平均水平的8个地区， 6年和3个产品的18.35美分的基础上白糖。 South America had a range of 10.51 to 43.17 cents per pound.南美洲有一系列的10.51至43.17美分。 The range for Sub-Saharan Africa was 12.42 cents to 35.44 cents per pound.范围为撒哈拉以南非洲是12.42美分，至35.44美分。 Central Asia had a range of 15.63 to 35.68 cents per pound with cost-efficient India influencing the averages.中亚一系列的15.63至35.68美分每磅与成本效益的印度影响平均数。 The region of North and Central America, including the Caribbean, was fifth on the list of eight regions at 14.03-40.62 cents per pound.该地区的北美和中美洲，包括加勒比地区，是第五次在名单上的8个地区在14.03-40.62美分。 Europe was the highest with a range of 19.62-60.67 cents per pound because it is dominated by relatively high-cost beet sugar.欧洲是最高的了一系列19.62-60.67美分，因为它主要是相对较高的成本甜菜糖。 The EU’s commitment to reducing exports of subsidized sugar should create opportunities for lower cost producers.欧盟承诺要降低出口补贴食糖应创造机会，较低的成本生产。
Subsidies to sugar producers and import restrictions have severely distorted sugar markets around the world.补贴的食糖生产国和进口限制已经严重扭曲糖在世界各地市场。 Analysts have speculated on what would happen to the world market price for sugar if all production subsidies and import restrictions were removed.分析家们猜测什么会发生在世界市场上的食糖价格，如果所有的生产补贴和进口限制被拆除。 The World Bank’s World Development Report 2008 released in October of 2007 included estimates of price changes under complete trade liberalization for all commodities.世界银行的世界发展报告2008年10月发表的2007年列入概算价格变动下完成贸易自由化的所有商品。 The average price increase for primary agricultural commodities was estimated at 5.5 percent.平均价格提高初级农产品的商品估计为百分之五点五。 The largest price increases were for cotton at 20.8 percent and oilseeds at 15.1 percent.最大的升幅为20.8棉花和油籽百分之在百分之十五点一。 The sugar price increase under free trade was estimated at only 2.5 percent.食糖价格上涨下的自由贸易，估计只有百分之二点五。 The report also showed an average 9 percent increase in trade for developing countries for all agricultural commodities and a 9 percent increase for sugar.该报告还显示，平均百分之九提高贸易对发展中国家的所有农业商品和9上升百分之糖。 Most of the gains in agricultural production from complete trade liberalization were estimated by the World Bank to occur in Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa.大部分的收益在农业生产中完成贸易自由化世界银行估计，发生在拉丁美洲和撒哈拉以南非洲地区。 With the LMC International cost estimates for cane sugar production for South America and Sub-Saharan Africa, sugar production increases are likely to fit that larger pattern.随着落马洲国际费用估计蔗糖生产的南美洲和非洲撒哈拉以南地区，食糖产量的增加有可能以适应较大的格局。
Brazil’s economic success in producing ethanol from sugar has encouraged other sugar producing countries, particularly those countries that expect to lose preferential treatment for sugar exports under future trade agreements, to consider opportunities in biofuels.巴西的经济成功地生产乙醇的甘蔗鼓励其他食糖生产国，特别是这些国家预计将失去优惠待遇食糖出口下未来的贸易协定，考虑生物燃料的机会。 In 2005, World Bank analysts Masami Kojima and Todd Johnson in “Potential for Biofuels in Transport in Developing Countries” explained that over half the sugar production in the world has costs almost three times that of Brazil because countries not suited to sugarcane production do so because of government programs that protect markets for sugar.在2005年，世界银行分析师雅美小岛和Todd约翰逊在“潜在的生物燃料在运输在发展中国家”解释说，一半以上的食糖产量在世界上的费用近3倍，巴西，因为国家不适合甘蔗生产这样做是因为政府的计划，以保护市场的糖。 No amount of higher yields or other changes in their sugar industries could be achieved to make these producers viable in the biofuels industry.任何数量的更高的产量或其他改变其制糖业才能实现，使这些生产商在可行的生物燃料工业。 Kojima and Johnson also noted that Zambia, a landlocked country in south central Africa, is a candidate for increased biofuels production because it has a large amount of high-potential uncultivated land that could produce sugar.小岛和约翰逊还指出，赞比亚，一个内陆国南部非洲中部，是一个候选增加生物燃料生产，因为它拥有大量的高潜力的未开垦的土地，可以生产糖。 The LMC International estimate that Zambia is a low cost sugar producer matches with the Kojima and Johnson observation that Zambia has untapped production potential in sugar and biofuels.落马洲国际估计，赞比亚是一个低成本的食糖生产者比赛的小岛和约翰逊观察，赞比亚已开发生产潜力的糖和生物燃料。
Freer trade encourages reallocation of production of goods and services toward the most efficient producers.鼓励自由贸易重新生产的商品和服务的最有效的生产者。 Sugar production and import policies in most countries have prevented those changes from occurring.食糖生产和进口方面的政策在大多数国家阻止这些变化的发生。 If market prices for petroleum and other energy sources justify the current interest in increasing production of biofuels from sugar, the transition to freer trade could be eased by an expanding market for sugar for biofuels.如果市场价格对石油和其他能源来源证明目前的兴趣在增加生产生物燃料的甘蔗，过渡到自由贸易可以缓解市场的不断扩大，糖的生物燃料。 Market conditions would not support production of the highest cost sugar producers, but they would encourage expansion in lower cost countries that have untapped potential to increase production of sugar and renewable fuels.市场条件不支持生产成本最高的糖生产商，但他们将鼓励扩大成本较低的国家，潜力增加生产食糖和可再生燃料。
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