| A Critic’s View of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy Reforms评论家的看法，认为欧盟的共同农业政策改革 |  |  |  |
| Posted by Ross Korves 发布者罗斯Korves |
| Thursday, 11 October 2007星期四， 2007年10月11 |
US farm policy is the center of attention as the WTO trade policy debate drags on.美国农业政策中心的关注，因为世贸组织的贸易政策辩论的拖累。 If the talks finally get serious, the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) will share some of the spotlight.如果谈判最终严重，欧盟的共同农业政策（ CAP ）的将分享一些焦点。 In August of this year the Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics (ABARE) released “The European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy: A Stocktake of Reforms” that assessed the EU’s efforts to reform trade distorting agricultural subsidies.今年8月在澳大利亚农业和资源经济学（澳大利亚农业能源经济署）公布的“欧洲联盟共同农业政策：一个盘点的改革” ，分摊欧盟的努力，改革扭曲贸易的农业补贴。
That an ABARE report would be skeptical of EU reforms is not surprising.这是澳大利亚农业能源经济署报告将是持怀疑态度的欧盟改革是不足为奇的。 The Australian government has long complained about US and EU domestic farm policies.澳大利亚政府长期以来一直抱怨美国和欧盟的国内农业政策。 The analysis focuses on the key impact of domestic subsidies, “To be minimally distorting to production, consumption, trade and prices, changing from current coupled payments or price support to decoupled support needs to be almost identical in its effects to the complete removal of the coupled payments.” That is a tough test for the CAP and US policies.分析的重点是关键影响国内补贴， “起码要扭曲到生产，消费，贸易和价格，改变目前的耦合付款或价格支持脱钩支持需要几乎相同的效果，彻底清除了加上支付。 “这是一个严峻考验的农业和美国的政策。
The CAP is rooted in the Treaty of Rome that created what was then called the European Community (EC).在CAP是植根于罗马条约创造了当时称为欧洲共同体（欧共体） 。 Agricultural policy was to increase productivity, ensure a fair standard of living, stabilize markets and ensure the food supply at reasonable prices.农业政策是为了提高生产率，确保公平的生活水平，稳定市场，确保食物供应，价格合理。 The guiding principles for creating the CAP in the early 1960s were free internal trade within the then six countries, preference for products from member countries and joint financial responsibility.这些指导原则建立联合呼吁在20世纪60年代初是免费的内部贸易在当时的6个国家，优惠的产品会员国和联合财政责任。 The EC market was insulated from the international market.欧共体市场免受国际市场。
The CAP ran into budget problems in the early 1980s as agriculture achieved its goal of increased productivity at a time of depressed world demand.联合呼吁跑进预算问题在八十年代初期农业实现其目标，提高生产力的时候沮丧的全球性需求。 In the first half of the 1980s agriculture accounted for 70 percent of the EC’s budget.在上半年的20世纪80年代农业占百分之七十的教统会的预算。 The crisis was solved by increasing taxes and limiting spending on the CAP to 74 percent of the increase in gross national income of the EC.这场危机得到解决，增加税收和支出限制的呼吁，以百分之七十四的增加，国民总收入的欧共体。 The budget crisis led to the 1992 MacSherry reforms which involved “progressively replacing the established high insulated internal prices by support prices closer to world market levels.” Producers were increasingly support by direct payments.预算危机导致1992年MacSherry改革，其中包括“逐步取代设立了高绝缘内部价格的支持价格更接近世界市场水平。 ”生产者越来越多的支持直接付款。 The changes set the stage for agreement on agricultural issues in the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations in 1993.设置的变化的阶段协议，农业问题在乌拉圭回合贸易谈判于1993年。 The current Single Payment Scheme was proposed in 2003 and begun in 2005.目前单付款计划是在2003年提出并开始于2005年。
The EU is the largest importer of agricultural products and a major exporter.欧盟是最大的进口农产品和主要出口国。 Recent EU Commission projections to 2013 expect changes in trade:最近欧盟委员会预测到2013年预计贸易的变化：
- wheat exports will double from the low levels in 2004-2005,小麦出口将翻一番，从低层次在2004-2005年，
- net exports of pig and poultry meats and net imports of sheep meat will remain unchanged,净出口猪和家禽肉类和净进口的绵羊肉将维持不变，
- net exports of cheese will remain relatively constant, but net exports of butter and skim milk powder will decline markedly,净出口的奶酪将保持相对稳定，但净出口量的黄油和脱脂奶粉将明显下降，
- the EU will be a net importer of sugar after being a net exporter, and欧盟将成为净进口国后，食糖净出口国，并
net imports of beef will continue to increase.净进口的牛肉将继续增加。
These changes have to be viewed as positive compared to policies of the past 40 years.这些变化被视为积极的政策相比，在过去40年之久。 The EU will still be a substantial exporter, but the sugar, meat and dairy trade will be much improved as a result of the reforms.欧盟将仍然是一个重大的出口商，但糖，肉类和奶制品的贸易将大大提高改革的结果。
The EU will still have a major impact on the cheese market because EU production is large in relation to international trade.欧盟将仍然有重大影响的奶酪市场，因为欧盟生产大有关国际贸易的发展。 A 5 percent increase in EU cheese production with no change in domestic demand would result in a 30 percent increase in internationally traded supplies and depress world cheese prices. 5增加百分之欧盟的奶酪产量没有改变，国内需求将导致增加了百分之三十的国际贸易用品和压抑的世界干酪的价格。 Distillation into alcohol is used to remove 15 percent of the EU’s wine production each year.蒸馏成酒精是用于去除百分之十五欧盟的葡萄酒产量每年。 The EU Commission has struggled to arrive at a program that will permanently reduce surplus production.欧盟委员会一直在试图达成一项计划，将永久地降低生产过剩。 Import programs continue to provide preferential treatment to selected suppliers, even though they are high priced suppliers.导入程序继续提供优惠待遇，以选定的供应商，即使他们是高价的供应商。 Aid through trade preferences is economically inefficient and rewards poor choices on resource allocation.援助通过贸易优惠是经济效率低下和回报穷人的选择对资源分配。
As noted earlier, the decoupled payment program, the Single Payment Scheme, continues to be troubling.如前所述，解耦付款计划，付款计划，仍然是令人担忧。 The authors stated, “there is considerable doubt about the extent to which various aspects of EU reforms will actually deliver reduced market distortions.” Questions are raised about the decoupled payments meeting WTO green box requirements that the payment not be linked to the land farmed in a given year.作者指出， “有相当怀疑的程度，各个方面的改革，欧盟将提供实际减少市场扭曲。 ”问题提出了有关会议脱钩支付世贸组织绿箱要求，支付不相连的土地耕作中某一年。 The larger issue is whether the current payment system actually results in less production that would have occurred if the pre-1992 programs were still in place.更大的问题是，是否目前的支付系统的实际结果在不到生产，可能会出现如果前1992年的计划中仍然存在。
Under true decoupling, producer and consumer decisions would respond to domestic prices determined by world market forces.根据真正脱钩，生产者和消费者决定将应付国内价格取决于世界市场的力量。 Consumer prices now come closer to reflecting world market prices, but the cost of programs has been shifted to taxpayers by making direct payments to replace the producer benefits that were provided by market interventions.消费者物价指数现在接近反映了世界市场价格，但成本的计划已转移到纳税人通过直接付款，以取代生产者利益，提供了市场干预。 If producers believe direct payments will continue into the indefinite future if they continue to grow crops, the payments are not decoupled from production.如果生产者直接支付认为将持续到无限期的未来，如果他们继续种植作物，支付不脱离生产。 If payments do influence production, then they are not minimally trade distorting.如果支付不影响生产，那么他们不扭曲贸易的最低限度。
If EU programs are to be minimally trade distorting, they also must address tariffs and reduce the number of special safeguards.如果欧盟的计划将扭曲贸易的最低限度，他们还必须处理关税和减少一些特殊的保障。 Under the Uruguay Round Agreement the EU has special safeguards on 662 tariff lines, roughly one third of the agricultural tariff lines.根据乌拉圭回合协定，欧盟特别保障措施关税的662线，约有三分之一的农产品关税税目。 Meat and offal have 192 safeguards, followed by cereals and products with 156 and dairy with 151.肉和内脏有192个保障，其次是谷物和产品， 156和奶制品与151 。 In the current talks the EU has asked for 8 percent of the tariff lines, roughly160 lines, to be labeled as “sensitive products” with less than the normal reduction in tariffs and continuation of special safeguards.在目前的会谈，欧盟已要求百分之八的税目， roughly160线，将标记为“敏感产品”不到正常的削减关税和持续的特殊保障措施。
The real issue is how to define programs as minimally trade distorting.真正的问题是如何界定程序最小贸易扭曲。 The current rules identify certain programs that qualify.目前的规则确定某些程序资格。 The Australians believe the payments continue to result in unacceptable trade distortions.澳大利亚人认为，收支继续造成不可接受的贸易扭曲。
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