| Canada Challenges US Farm Programs加拿大挑战美国的农业计划 |  |  |  |
| Posted by Ross Korves 发布者罗斯Korves |
| Thursday, 14 June 2007星期四， 07年6月14号 |
On June 8th the Government of Canada requested that a World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement panel be established on the issue of US agricultural subsidies.在6月8日，加拿大政府要求世界贸易组织（ WTO ）争端解决小组设立在这个问题上，美国的农业补贴。 Just over a month earlier on May 2nd they had announced that no further action would be taken on a previous dispute settlement proceeding concerning US corn subsidies until at least the end of the year while the Doha Round of trade talks continued.就在一个月前的5月2日宣布，他们已经没有采取进一步行动以前的争端解决程序中有关美国玉米的补贴，至少到今年年底，而多哈回合贸易谈判继续进行。 Pursuing a broad case against US farm policy will likely do little to address the specific concerns of Canadian corn producers.追求广泛的情况下对美国的农业政策将可能无助于解决的具体问题，加拿大玉米生产商。
In January of this year, the Canadian government requested consultations with the US claiming that US corn subsidies were causing serious injuries to Canadian corn producers, US export credit guarantees were illegal export subsidies and US total domestic agricultural subsidies exceeded the US amber box limit of $19.1 billion per year.今年1月，加拿大政府要求的磋商与美国，声称美国的玉米补贴，造成严重受伤，加拿大玉米生产商，美国的出口信贷担保是非法的出口补贴，美国国内总的农业补贴超过了美国的黄箱限制1 910亿美元。 Other WTO members such as the EU, Argentina, Brazil, Nicaragua and Thailand joined as interested third parties.世贸组织其他成员如欧盟，阿根廷，巴西，尼加拉瓜和泰国加入感兴趣的第三方。 Canada has now asked that a dispute settlement panel consider the issues of export credits and exceeding the amber box subsidy limits, but not the question of harm to Canadian corn producers.加拿大现在已要求争端解决小组认为，问题的出口信贷和超过了黄箱补贴的限制，但不是问题的损害加拿大玉米生产商。 The case has morphed from one focused on US-Canada corn trade to a more general case on US farm policies.案件已演变从一个侧重于美国与加拿大的玉米贸易更一般情况下对美国农业政策。
Both of the subsidy arguments are outgrowths of a WTO Brazilian cotton case against the US filed in September 2002.这两个补贴论点outgrowths世贸组织巴西棉花案对美国提出在2002年9月。 The September 2004 WTO ruling determined that US export credit programs were export subsidies for all commodities not listed in the WTO agreement and production flexibility contract payments under the 1996 farm bill and direct payments under the 2002 farm bill were not fully decoupled from production and did not qualify for WTO green box status. 2004年9月世贸组织的裁决认定美国出口信贷计划中的出口补贴，所有商品不列在WTO协议和生产灵活性合同支付根据1996年农业法案，并直接支付根据2002年农业法案没有完全脱离生产，并没有符合世贸组织的绿箱地位。 The WTO is now reviewing at the request of Brazil whether the US has met the requirements of the ruling.世贸组织目前正在审查的要求，巴西，美国是否有符合要求的裁决。 The dispute settlement process in agriculture is new enough that it is uncertain what is acceptable compliance with a broad decision like the Brazilian cotton case.争端解决程序中农业是新的不够，这是不确定什么是可以接受的遵守了广泛的决定像巴西棉花案件。
Changes in US export credit programs have been discussed in the WTO talks.变化的美国出口信贷计划已经在世贸组织中讨论会谈。 The US is likely to conform to whatever changes are required.美国很可能以符合任何变化是必需的。 Some participants in the farm bill debate have acknowledged that changes in planting restrictions on fruits and vegetables may need to be addressed.一些与会者在农业法案的辩论也承认，改变种植限制水果和蔬菜可能需要加以解决。
Given that many of the specific issues raised in the Canadian case are already in play at the WTO talks and in the US farm bill policy debate, why have another WTO case now.鉴于许多具体问题提出了在加拿大的案件已经在发挥在世贸组织谈判和在美国的农业法案，政策辩论，为什么还有现在WTO案件。 One obvious answer is that the case is good politics among corn growers in Canada.一个明显的答案是，此案的良好的政治之间的玉米种植者在加拿大。 The January request for consultations at the WTO was an outgrowth of efforts in 2005 by Canadian corn producers to gain relief under Canadian law that ended in a Canadian trade panel rejecting their arguments. 1月份的请求磋商，世贸组织的产物，努力在2005年由加拿大玉米生产商获得救济根据加拿大法律，结束了加拿大国际贸易委员会拒绝他们的论点。
With Congress in the midst of writing a new farm bill and major trading nations gathering later this month to work on a WTO agreement, now is a good time to keep the fire kindled against US farm policies.与国会处于写一个新农业法与主要贸易国家收集本月底的工作世贸组织的协议，现在是一个很好的时间让点燃的火对美国农业政策。 The WTO may rule as early as July on US compliance with the rulings in the Brazilian cotton case.世贸组织的规则可能早在7月对美国遵守该裁决在巴西棉花案件。 Regardless of the outcome, the debate will go on.无论结果如何，在辩论将会继续下去。
Another reason for pushing forward now is that the circumstances of the case are becoming old news.另一个原因是现在推动的是，案件的具体情况正在成为旧闻。 The data on the US exceeding the amber box limit are for 1999 through 2005, except for 2003 when payments were lower due to higher market prices.该数据对美国超过了黄箱限制是1999年到2005年，除2003年，当支付较低的原因是市场价格。 With worldwide increases in production of ethanol and biodiesel, market prices are likely to be higher in the years ahead than in the large carryover stocks years of 1999 through 2002 caused by a string of good crop years.随着世界范围内增加生产乙醇和生物柴油，市场价格可能会更高在今后几年中比大型结转库存多年的1999年到2002年所造成的一连串的良好作物岁。 Even if Canada would win a case that might be finally decided in 2009, what relevance would that have to farm programs for the 2010 crops?即使加拿大将赢得情况下，可能会最终决定在2009年，将什么意义了，以农业项目为2010年作物？ The backward looking nature of WTO cases does not work well in a world of rapidly changing economic conditions.落后的期待世贸组织的性质案件不工作以及世界的迅速变化的经济条件。
Canada could win the case, but not have a change in market conditions for its corn producers.加拿大可能赢得如此，但没有发生变化的市场条件的玉米生产。 The US produces about 40 percent of the world’s yearly corn output, basically the same percentage as 25 years ago.美国生产约百分之四十的世界上每年的玉米产量，基本上是相同的百分比为25年前。 US production has averaged about 11 billion bushels per year in recent years compared to Canadian production of 370 million bushels per year.美国产量平均约为11亿蒲式耳，每年在最近几年相比，加拿大的产量为370亿蒲式耳左右。 Canadian corn imports from the US averaged 81 million bushels per year over the past four years.加拿大玉米从美国的进口平均数字保持在81亿蒲式耳，每年在过去四年里。 With an open border between the US and Canada under NAFTA, it is easy to see that corn production in the US will drive the price of corn in both the US and Canada.在一个开放的边境之间的美国和加拿大根据北美自由贸易协定，可以很容易地看到，玉米产量在美国将推动玉米的价格在美国和加拿大。 The current high US corn prices caused by increasing demand have also increased corn prices in Canada.目前美国玉米高价格所造成的日益增加的需求也增加了玉米价格在加拿大。 As a result, Canadian corn acres harvested for grain are expected to increase by 28 percent this year to 3.5 million acres and imports from the US are expected to decline by 22 percent from the four-year average to 63 million bushels.因此，加拿大玉米播种面积作为谷物收获预计将增加百分之二十八，今年为350万英亩，从美国的进口预计将下降百分之二十二从4年平均为63亿蒲式耳。
With or without US farm programs, Canadian corn producers will be buffeted by changing supply and demand conditions in the US corn market.有或没有美国的农业计划，加拿大玉米生产将受到冲击不断变化的供应和需求状况，美国玉米市场。 The only way to avoid that is to erect trade barriers against US corn imports with a variable import levy to provide for government management of corn prices.唯一的办法，以避免这是竖立贸易壁垒，对美国玉米的进口，可变进口税为政府管理的玉米价格。 Those schemes have proven to be harmful to producers of other agricultural products that use corn and sell products into world markets.这些计划已被证明是有害的生产其他农产品，使用玉米和销售产品进入世界市场。
Canada, Mexico and the US must increase efforts to work within the NAFTA framework to have farm policies in each country that are more compatible to reduce the potential for trade distortions.加拿大，墨西哥和美国必须更加努力地工作，北美自由贸易协定框架内有农业政策在每一个国家有更多的兼容，以减少潜在的贸易扭曲。 A major benefit for any trade agreement is in allowing producers with the greatest comparative advantage to supply consumers throughout the agreement area.一个主要受益的任何贸易协定，允许生产者最大的比较优势，供应全国各地的消费者方面的协议。 Producers in the other countries should have their particular concerns addressed by domestic policies that do not distort trade flows.生产者在其他国家应该有他们的特别关注解决的国内政策，不扭曲贸易流动。
 Add as favourites (47) | 购买收藏 （ 47 ） |  Quote this article on your site | Views: 660 本文报价在您的网站 |浏览： 660
Only registered users can write comments.只有注册用户才可以写评论。
Please 1.4.6 |
News 新闻 
.png)
