| Agricultural Conservation Payments and WTO Commitments农业保护的付款和世贸组织的承诺 |  |  |  |
| Posted by Ross Korves 发布者罗斯Korves |
| Thursday, 07 June 2007星期四， 2007年6月7日 |
Conservation payments under federal government programs are popular with farmers and ranchers and the general public.养护规定的付款联邦政府节目很受农民和牧场主和一般公众。 The payments are also generally considered non-trade distorting and fit in the “green box” for WTO domestic support programs.这笔款项也普遍认为非贸易扭曲和适合的“绿箱”世贸组织国内支持计划。 Congress is being encouraged in the new farm bill being written this year to sharply increase conservation payments.美国国会目前正在鼓励在新的农业法案正在撰写今年大幅增加养护费用。 A recent analysis by Randy Schnepf of the Congressional Research Service titled “WTO Compliance Status of the Conservation Security Program (CSP) and the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)” provides insights on WTO requirements for green box conservation programs.最近的一项分析兰迪Schnepf的国会研究处名为“遵守世贸组织的现状保护安全计划程序（ CSP ）和保护储备计划（星期四） ”提供了深入了解WTO的要求为绿箱保护程序。
The Conservation Security Program (CSP) provides financial and technical assistance to promote conservation on working farm and ranch lands.保护安全计划程序（ CSP ）提供财政和技术援助，以促进养护工作农场和牧场的土地。 In fiscal year (FY) 2006, USDA spent $259 million on 15.8 million acres, $16.40 per acre enrolled in the program.在财年（ 2005 ） 2006年，美国农业部花费2.59亿美元的一千五百八点零零万英亩，十六点四零美元每英亩报名参加该计划。 Contracts are for 5-10 years with three tiers of payments based on resource management standards.合同是5-10年的三个层次的基础上支付资源管理标准。 Producers are eligible for four types of payments — stewardship or base payments; cost-share payments on existing practices; one-time new practice cost-share payments; and enhanced payments.生产者有资格获得四种类型的付款-领导或基地付款;费用支付比例在现有的做法;一次新的实践成本份额付款;和加强支付。 Of the $259 million in outlays in FY2006, $7.1 million were for stewardship payments and $2.6 million for enhancement payments, with the remainder for cost-share payments.的2.59亿美元的支出在2006财年， 710万美元用于支付和管理260万美元，以加强付款，其余的费用份额付款。
Schnepf explains that the WTO, Agreement on Agriculture, Annex II, paragraph 12 requires producers to fulfill specific conditions under a conservation program and that payments be limited to the extra costs or lost income from complying with the program. Schnepf解释说，世界贸易组织，农业协定，附件二，第12段要求生产者履行特定条件下的养护计划，并款项是有限的额外费用或收入损失由符合程序。 About 96 percent of the payments for the current CSP appear to easily qualify under the green box.约百分之九十六的款项目前萨赫勒农药似乎很容易资格的绿色方块。 The stewardship payments and the enhancement payments are in what Schnepf calls a “gray zone” of uncertainty.支付的领导和加强支付在什么Schnepf所谓的“灰色地带”的不确定性。 Since cost share payments are limited to 75 percent of the practice costs and are usually much less, total payments for the four types are generally less than the cost share value.由于成本分担支付只限于百分之七十五费用惯例，通常少得多，支付总额为4种类型通常是低于成本的份额价值。 Also, the stewardship and enhancement payments could be considered direct, fix payments that would also be green box compliant.此外，指导和加强支付可以考虑直接，修正付款也将是绿色方块兼容。 The Bush Administration has proposed changes to create a single payment that would make the CSP more WTO compliant.布什政府拟议修改建立一个单一的支付，以使更多的萨赫勒农药世贸组织要求。
The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) makes payments to farmers to take highly erodible or environmentally sensitive cropland out of production for 10 or more years.保护储备计划（蛋白）使对农民的支付都采取高度蚀或环境敏感的耕地生产了10年以上。 In FY2006, CRP outlays were $1.8 billion on almost 37 million acres, $48.65 per acre enrolled.在2006年度， C -反应蛋白支出18亿美元的将近37万英亩， 48.65美元每英亩入学。 Under WTO rules land has to be enrolled for a minimum of three years with no production of marketable agricultural products.根据世贸组织规则的土地要报名至少三年没有生产销售农产品。 Schnepf points out that the CRP could violate WTO rules when CRP land is harvested or grazed during periods of drought as the Secretary of Agriculture has authority to allow. Schnepf指出， C反应蛋白可能违反世贸组织的规则时， C反应蛋白的土地收获或放牧在干旱期间作为农业部长有权允许。 If that authority were used more than once every four years under a contract, it could make the entire contract period in violation.如果这种权力被用来不止一次每四年的合同，它可以使整个合同期内的违规行为。 The Secretary of Agriculture can also modify or waive a CRP contract to permit land to be used for the production of crops.农业部长也可以修改或放弃C反应蛋白的合同，允许土地被用于作物生产。
Schnepf notes that use of CRP land has become a much a larger issue because proposals for the next farm bill include incentives for commercial harvesting of biomass crops from CRP acreage. Schnepf指出，使用土地的CRP已成为许多大问题，因为建议在今后农业法案包括鼓励商业采伐量从C反应蛋白作物种植面积。 This is likely to be considered an agricultural production activity.这很可能被认为是农业生产活动。 The larger the amount of CRP acreage involved in biomass production and the larger the subsidies per acre or ton produced, the greater are the chances that the program would be challenged at the WTO.较大数额的CRP播种面积参与生物量的生产和较大的补贴为每英亩或每吨生产，更大的机会，这一项目将受到质疑世贸组织。 Schnepf suggests that one option is to shift CRP land growing biomass crops from status as a land retirement program to an environmental program where payments would be offset by the higher costs and increased uncertainty of growing biomass crops. Schnepf表明，一种选择是把蛋白土地生物质作物的地位作为一个土地退休计划，环保计划，使收支将抵消了较高的成本和不确定因素增加的生物质作物。
How likely a conservation program will be challenged in the WTO is partly a function of program costs.怎么可能养护计划将受到挑战在世贸组织的部分职能的程序费用。 Schnepf calculates that for FY2003-FY2006 total four-year outlays for the CSP were $505 million, while total annual costs of CCC farm support programs were about $20 billion. Schnepf计算，为2003年度， 2006年度共4年的支出为萨赫勒农药是5.05亿美元，而年度总费用的矮壮素农业支持项目，约200亿美元。 A relative low cost program by definition would likely be less trade distorting than a much higher cost program regardless of the purposes of the program.相对低的成本计划的定义可能会减少扭曲贸易的比成本高得多，不论计划的宗旨计划。 With price and income support programs costs declining due to higher market prices and the potential for higher outlays for the CSP and CRP under the 2007 farm bill, conservation programs could become larger targets.随着价格和收入支持计划的成本下降，由于较高的市场价格和潜在的高支出的CSP和C反应蛋白根据2007年的农业法案，养护计划可能会成为更大的目标。
The existing green box criteria for conservation programs are not likely to be changed under the current Doha Round of WTO trade policy negotiations.现有绿箱的标准养护计划可能不会改变根据目前的多哈回合的世贸组织贸易政策的谈判。 The August 2004 WTO Framework Agreement called for the criteria to be “reviewed and clarified,” but that is not a high priority in the talks. 2004年8月WTO框架协议要求的标准是“审查和澄清， ”不过这也不是一个高度优先事项的会谈。 Schnepf notes that some analysts in the US and the EU believe that conservation activities have public benefits and minimally distort trade. Schnepf注意到，一些分析家在美国和欧盟认为，养护活动的公共利益以及扭曲贸易的最低。 Also, without incentives participation in conservation programs could be low.此外，不鼓励参与保护程序可以很低。
Congress should not shy away from increasing conservation payments because of WTO compliance concerns.国会不应回避增加养护付款，因为遵守世贸组织的关注。 The most important point is to recognize that not all conservation payments will be treated alike.最重要的一点是要认识到，并非所有养护的款项都将同样对待。 Payments that offset extra costs or loss of income in complying with conservation programs are the easiest to defend.付款，抵销额外费用或收入损失在遵守保护程序是最简单的维护。 Programs can be redesigned to fit under different paragraphs of Annex II of the Agreement on Agriculture.程序可以重新设计，以适合在不同的段落，附件二关于农业的协定。 Commercial production of biomass crops under the current CRP is likely to be challenged, particularly if acreages are large and subsidies are substantial.商业化生产作物的生物量在目前的C反应蛋白很可能是挑战，特别是如果面积大和补贴是巨大的。
The higher the costs for a program, the more likely it will be subject to a challenge.较高的费用计划，就越有可能将受到挑战。 The US has developed a reputation, fairly or not, of trying to shift programs among the WTO boxes to avoid cutting the overall level of payments to farmers.美国已经制定了声誉，或不公平，试图转移程序之间的世贸组织盒，以避免切割的整体水平对农民的支付。 An expensive conservation program will be a target regardless of arguments about its public benefits.昂贵的养护计划将是一个目标而不论其论点的公众利益。
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