| Trade Policies and Processing Agricultural Products贸易政策和加工农产品 |  |  |  |
| Posted by Ross Korves 发布者罗斯Korves |
| Thursday, 31 May 2007星期四， 2007年5月31 |
In a May 25 paper Crawford Falconer, Chairman of the agricultural negotiations in the Doha Round of WTO trade talks, continued his “honest talk” of “the objective facts staring us in the face” begun in a paper released on April 30.在5月25日文件克劳福德福尔克纳主席的农业谈判中的多哈回合谈判的世贸组织贸易谈判，继续他的“诚实的对话”的“客观事实盯着我们在面对”开始的一份文件中公布的4月30日。 This second paper dealt mostly with what could be called minor market access issues.这第二份文件大多涉及与所谓小的市场准入问题。 The assessment is not positive, but it may have a silver lining in focusing efforts more on across the board tariff reductions.评估是不积极的，但它可能有一线希望，集中更多的努力，全面削减关税。
One issue of concern for developing countries, though some developed countries are also impacted, is tariff escalation, the application of higher tariffs on processed goods than on the raw and semi-processed commodities that are used to make those processed goods.一个令人关注的问题对发展中国家来说，尽管一些发达国家也影响，是关税升级，应用更高的关税，加工产品，而不是原材料和半加工商品，用来使这些加工后的货品。 These tariff spreads deny the countries producing the raw product the opportunity to add value by performing one or more processing functions.这些关税利差否认国家的原材料生产的产品有机会增值表演一个或多个处理功能。 They protect domestic processing industries in importing countries using imported raw products or compensate manufacturers for using higher priced domestic raw materials.他们保护国内加工行业在进口国使用进口原料的产品或补偿制造商使用价格更高的国内原材料。
Cocoa is a classic example of tariff escalation.可可是一个典型的例子关税升级。 The EU has a zero bound tariff on cocoa beans, a 7.7 percent ad valorem (simple percentage of the imported value) duty on cocoa powder and 15 percent on chocolate crumb containing cocoa butter.欧盟已经是零关税约束的可可豆，一个百分之七点七从价税（简单的百分比，进口值）税可可粉和百分之十五的巧克力屑含可可脂。 Japan also has a zero tariff on cocoa beans, a 10 percent tariff on cocoa paste wholly or partly defatted, and a 29.8 percent duty on cocoa powder containing added sugar.日本还拥有零关税的可可豆，百分之十的关税，可可糊全部或部分脱脂和29.8百分之责任可可粉含有添加糖。 On soybeans Japan, the US, EU and Canada have zero bound tariffs on whole beans and tariffs on crude soybean oil of 25.6 percent, 19.1 percent, 6.4 percent and 4.8 percent, respectively.大豆日本，美国，欧盟和加拿大已零约束关税整个豆类和关税的毛豆油百分之25.6 ，百分之19.1 ，百分之六点四和百分之四点八，分别。 China has a 3 percent tariff on whole soybeans and a 9.0 percent tariff on crude soybean oil.中国有百分之三的关税整个大豆和9.0关税的毛豆油。
Progressive tariff reductions in a tiered approach where higher tariffs are reduced more than lower tariffs help to reduce tariff escalation, but do not eliminate it.逐步降低关税，在一个分层的办法，更高的关税降低以上降低关税有助于减少关税升级，但不消除它。 The WTO Framework Agreement of July 2004 committed to establishing a formula to reduce the disparities of tariff escalation.在WTO框架协议2004年7月，致力于建立一个公式来减少不平等的关税升级。 Falconer reported, “This issue is scarcely anywhere in serious negotiating terms.” Part of the problem is defining primary products and processed products.福尔克纳报道说： “这个问题是几乎没有任何严重的谈判条件。 ”部分问题是确定初级产品和加工产品。 Whole soybeans and soybean oil are easy to see; Falconer uses the example of pizza where it is difficult to compare raw and processed tariffs.全体大豆和豆油很容易看到;福尔克纳使用例如比萨饼的地方是很难比较原料和加工产品的关税。 Negotiators have to make lists of products or allow individual member countries to decide which processed products are made from which raw products.谈判者名单，使产品或允许个别会员国来决定哪些加工产品是从原料的产品。 Even after that is decided, the issue of how to cut the tariffs on the processed products will remain.即使是决定的问题是，如何削减关税的加工产品将继续。 The only hope is to have a simple formula that is widely applied.唯一的希望是有一个简单的公式，被广泛应用。
The almost mirror image of tariff escalation is a differential export tax used by developing countries to discourage exports of primary products and encourage processing and exporting of value-added products.几乎镜像关税升级是一个差别出口税为发展中国家所使用的劝阻初级产品出口，鼓励加工和出口增值产品。 Unless government policies provide an offset, it results in lower incomes for farmers who produce the raw products and is a source of revenue for the government.除非政府的政策提供了一个弥补，但结果在收入较低的农民谁生产的产品和原料是一种收入来源的政府。 Argentina applies an export tax of 27.5% on whole soybeans, 24% on soybean oil and soybean meal, and 5% on soy bio-diesel.阿根廷适用征收出口税的27.5 ％ ，对整个大豆， 24 ％的大豆油，豆粕， 5 ％大豆生物柴油。
Differential export taxes are among issues listed in the Framework Agreement as “issues of interest but not yet agreed.” Falconer noted that he had nothing to add since there had not been negotiations.差的出口税中所列问题的框架协议“关心的问题，但尚未商定的。 ”福尔克纳指出，他已没有什么要补充，因为还没有谈判。 The US position is to prohibit the use of export taxes, including differential export taxes, for the purposes of competitive advantage or supply management.美国的立场是禁止使用的出口税，包括差别出口税的目的，竞争优势或供应管理。
Falconer also raised the issue of tariff simplification.福尔克纳还提出简化关税。 The Framework Agreement says tariff simplification remains under negotiation.框架协议表示简化关税仍然正在谈判中。 Falconer has not heard opposition to the idea that complex tariffs need to be simplified, but that binding agricultural tariffs in ad valorem only, “in plain English, it is not going to happen.” The best we can hope for is, “that no tariff may be bound in a form more complex than the current binding and that complex matrix tariffs will be simplified in a transparent and verifiable way.”福尔克纳还没有听到反对的想法，复杂的关税必须加以简化，但有约束力的农业关税从价税只有“纯英语，这是不会发生。 ”最好我们可以希望的是， “不关税可绑定的形式更加复杂比目前的约束力和复杂的矩阵关税将简化，透明和可核查的方式。 “
Specialization in processing agricultural products across international borders will occur with or without a new WTO agreement, following industrial products like computer chips, automobile parts and call centers.专业化农产品加工跨越国际边界将发生或不一个新的WTO协议后，工业产品，如计算机芯片，汽车零部件和呼叫中心。 Economies of scale and quality control in modern plants will be the driving forces.规模经济和质量控制的现代化工厂将成为推动力量。
The Doha Round of talks has two ways of gaining economic efficiencies for agriculture through increased market access.多哈回合的谈判有两个办法，争取经济效率的农业通过增加市场准入。 The upfront approach is to reduce agricultural tariffs by putting them in the much talked about four bands with larger reductions for tariffs in the higher bands.在前期的办法是降低农业关税把他们在谈论得多带四个较大的削减关税较高的频带。 The other way is to work through issues like tariff escalation and simplification and sensitive and special products covered in the earlier paper.另一种方式是通过问题，如关税升级，简化和敏感和特殊产品范围在早期文件。 The assumption from the start of the talks was that a combination of the two ways would increase market access while recognizing the unique circumstances in each country.假设从一开始的会谈是两者的组合方式将提高市场准入的同时也认识到独特的情况下在每一个国家。
The progress of the talks as reviewed by Chairman Falconer would lead even an optimist to conclude that working through the second way is too complicated a task for 150 countries struggling with hundreds of other issues inside and outside of agriculture.会谈的进展情况作为审查的主席福尔克纳将导致一个乐观主义者甚至得出结论认为工作通过第二种方法是过于复杂的任务， 150个国家的挣扎与数以百计的其他问题内外的农业。 If meaningful market access is to be achieved in agriculture, it will likely come from the upfront approach of direct tariff reductions.如果有意义的市场准入是要实现农业，它可能会来自于前期的办法直接削减关税。
While many participants in the talks will resist the loss of the second way, it is a gain in an economic policy sense.许多与会者在会谈将抵制损失的第二种方式，它是一个成长的经济政策意义。 Markets are attracted to policy certainty and reject policy uncertainty.市场的吸引，政策的确定性和抵制政策的不确定性。 Straight forward reductions in tariffs by the upfront approach provide economic policy certainty for investors and other market participants.直着降低关税的方式提供前期经济政策的确定性对投资者和其他市场参与者。 Countries that choose to retain complicated and economically inefficient tariff schedules will simply be left out of the economic growth facilitated by upfront tariff reductions.国家选择保留复杂性和经济效率低下的关税时间表只会被排除在经济增长促进了前期的关税削减。
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