| NAFTA at 13 – What Comes After NAFTA?北美自由贸易协定在13 -什么之前，北美自由贸易协定？ |  |  |  |
| Posted by Ross Korves 发布者罗斯Korves |
| Thursday, 12 April 2007星期四， 2007年四月12日 |
The Economic Research Service of USDA has released NAFTA at 13 , the fifth biannual report mandated by Congress on the effects on US agriculture of NAFTA implementation.经济研究处的美国农业部发布了北美自由贸易协定于13日，第五次半年期报告由美国国会授权对影响美国农业的北美自由贸易协定的执行。 Most of the agricultural trade among the US, Canada and Mexico is already free of tariffs and quotas.大多数农产品贸易的美国，加拿大和墨西哥已经是免费的关税和配额。 The final provisions of NAFTA will be implemented on January 1, 2008.最后规定的北美自由贸易协定将实施1月1日， 2008年。
Tariff rate quotas (TRQs) and tariffs established in NAFTA will be removed for US trade with Mexico for nonfat dried milk, dry edible common beans and corn.税率配额（关税配额）和关税的北美自由贸易区成立将取消对美国的贸易与墨西哥的脱脂奶粉，干食用菌共同豆类和玉米。 A TRQ for chicken leg quarters established in 2003 will also end.阿配额的鸡腿季度成立于2003年也将结束。 The July 2006 agreement on two-way trade in sugar and high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) will end on January 1 for sugar and April 1 for HFCS. 2006年7月的协议，两地贸易中糖和高果糖玉米糖浆（高果糖浆）将于1月1日起，糖和4月1日的高果糖浆。 Small seasonal tariffs on Mexican shipments to the US of sprouting broccoli, cucumbers, asparagus, cantaloupe, other melons and orange juice will end January 1.小季节性关税对墨西哥运往美国的发芽花椰菜，黄瓜，芦笋，香瓜，西瓜和其他橙汁将于1月1日。
The Canada-US Free Trade Agreement (CUSTA) restricts Canadian imports from the US for dairy products, poultry, eggs and margarine, and there are no provisions to revisit those products in 2008 or any other time.加美自由贸易协定（ CUSTA ）限制加拿大从美国进口的奶制品，禽，蛋，人造黄油，也没有规定重温这些产品在2008年或任何其他时间。 US imports from Canada of dairy products, peanuts, peanut butter, cotton, sugar, and sugar-containing products are also restricted.美国从加拿大进口的奶制品，花生，花生酱，棉花，食糖，糖的产品也受到限制。 NAFTA also limits dairy and poultry trade between Canada and Mexico.北美自由贸易协定也限制了奶制品和家禽之间的贸易加拿大和墨西哥。
The natural competitive advantage for the US in livestock feeds led to a seven fold increase in corn and cracked corn shipments to Mexico from 1991-93 to 2003-05 to over 300 million bushels per year, and soybeans, meal and oil had a three fold increase to over 4.3 million metric tons per year.天然的竞争优势，美国在牲畜饲料导致了7倍增加，玉米和玉米破获墨西哥的出货量从1991年至1993年，以2003-05到300万蒲式耳，每一年，大豆，豆粕和油了3倍增加超过430万吨左右。 Sorghum averaged 40 million bushels per year less in exports to Mexico at 115 million bushels per year for 2003-05.高粱平均为40亿蒲式耳，每年少向墨西哥出口115万蒲式耳，每年为2003-05 。 Over that same time period of 1991-93 to 2003-05 the dollar value of livestock, poultry and animal product exports to Mexico doubled to $2.5 billion per year.在这同一时期的1991至1993年为2003-05的美元价值的牲畜，家禽和动物产品出口到墨西哥翻了一番，达到25亿美元左右。 With the elimination in 1995 of transportation subsidies for western Canada grain, shipments to the US of slaughter hogs increased from 1 percent of US hog slaughter in 1989 to 8 percent in 2006.随着在1995年消除交通补贴，加拿大西部谷物，出货到美国屠宰猪增加百分之一的美国屠宰猪在1989年至百分之八于2006年。
Mexico’s comparative advantage in winter-time production of fruits and vegetables has led to a two fold increase in the value of shipments to the US from 1991-93 to 2003-05 to an average of $3.8 billion per year.墨西哥的比较优势在冬季及时生产的水果和蔬菜已经导致了2倍货值录得升幅的出货量将美国从1991年至1993年为2003-05的平均38亿美元左右。 Canada has developed a greenhouse fresh vegetable industry that helped to increase exports of vegetables to the US to an average of $1.8 billion for 2003-05, but the US still exported $2.0 billion per year to Canada.加拿大已开发出一种新鲜蔬菜温室产业，有助于提高出口蔬菜到美国平均为18亿美元2003-05 ，但美国仍然出口20亿美元，每年到加拿大。
According to the report, in 2005 total US direct investments in the Canadian and Mexican processed food industries were $3.4 billion and $2.9 billion, respectively.根据该报告，在2005年占美国直接投资的加拿大和墨西哥加工食品工业34亿美元和29亿美元，分别。 Total direct investments in the US processed food industry was about $1.6 billion for Canada and $1.0 billion for Mexico.共计直接投资在美国的加工食品业约16亿美元的加拿大和10亿美元，对墨西哥。 In 2003, Canadian and Mexican majority owned affiliates of US multinational food companies had sales of $14.1 billion and $6.1 billion, respectively, more than twice the size of US processed food exports to Canada and Mexico.在2003年，加拿大和墨西哥拥有多数股权的子公司的美国跨国公司食品公司已销售1 410亿美元和61亿美元，分别两倍以上规模的美国加工食品出口到加拿大和墨西哥。
The report asks a logical question, “What comes after NAFTA?” NAFTA does not have a supranational authority to encourage further economic integration.该报告要求合乎逻辑的问题， “什么是北美自由贸易协定后？ ”北美自由贸易协定没有一个超国家机构，鼓励更多的经济一体化。 Changes will come within the context of each country’s national sovereignty.变化会的范围内每个国家的国家主权。 In March 2005, the three governments signed the Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America (SPP) for cooperation to make businesses more competitive and economies more resilient. 2005年3月，三国政府签署了安全与繁荣伙伴关系的北美（许可证）的合作，使企业更具有竞争力和经济更具力道。 The ten working groups formed under the SPP’s includes one on food and agriculture.这10个工作组下成立最高人民检察院的包括一个关于粮食和农业。
The three countries have individually completed free trade agreements with other countries in the Americas that extends NAFTA’s influence.这三个国家已经单独完成自由贸易协定与其他国家在美洲，北美自由贸易区扩大的影响力。 Each country has a free-trade agreement with Chile and at least one free-trade agreement with countries in Central America.每个国家都有自由贸易协定与智利和至少一个自由贸易协定的中美洲国家。
The authors suggest three public policy areas where increased efforts could increase market integration within North America: regulatory coordination, trade remedies, and farm labor.作者建议三个公共政策领域，更多的努力可能会增加市场的一体化北美洲：监管协调，贸易补救措施，和农场劳动。 Regulations today can be greater impediments to trade than tariffs and import quotes were 20 years ago.条例今天可以有更大的贸易障碍不是关税和进口报价20年前。 The challenges associated with BSE in beef and food safety issues in fresh fruits and vegetables are examples of the needed work on regulatory coordination.所面临的挑战与疯牛病相关的牛肉和食品安全问题的新鲜水果和蔬菜的例子所需要的工作，监管协调。 The SPP Food and Agriculture Working Group is committed to resolving regulatory issues.最高人民检察院粮食和农业工作组致力于解决管理问题。
Less attention has been given to antidumping duties (AD) and countervailing duties (CVD) under each country’s trade laws.减重视反倾销税（ AD ）和反补贴税（ CVD ）的根据每个国家的贸易法律。 Economic integration under a free trade agreement calls for a different approach than with a country like Russia with no trade agreement.经济一体化下的自由贸易协定的要求采用不同的办法而不是一个国家像俄罗斯没有任何贸易协定。 With the natural volatility of commodity prices, antidumping cases can be a great hindrance to economic integration.与自然波动的商品价格，反倾销案件可能是一个巨大的阻碍经济一体化。 The Canada-Chile Free Trade Agreement exempts all of their bilateral trade from ADs.加拿大智利自由贸易协定免除了他们所有的双边贸易从广告。 Other options include time-limited and renewable “holidays” from ADs for specific products, higher standards for imposing ADs and CVDs, and mandatory dialogue before administrative review of AD/CVD cases.其他选项包括时间限制和可再生“假期”从广告的特定产品，更高的标准强加广告和心血管病，以及强制性的对话之前，行政复议的反倾销/反补贴案件。
Labor and immigration need to be addressed, but are beyond what can be considered in a discussion about NAFTA.劳动和移民需要加以解决，但超出了可以被视为在北美自由贸易协定的讨论。 The obvious point is that market integration under NAFTA cannot be separated from labor force issues.最明显的一点是，市场一体化下的北美自由贸易协定不能脱离劳动力的问题。
NAFTA is still a work-in-progress.北美自由贸易协定仍然是一个工作中的进展。 Its economic successes for producers and consumers have led to opportunities for additional public policy changes.它的经济成就为生产者和消费者，导致更多的机会，公共政策的变化。 Traditional regulatory and trade policies are not well suited for the degree of economic integration achieved under NAFTA.传统管理和贸易政策不适合的一定程度的经济一体化下取得的北美自由贸易协定。 These next policy steps should continue to build on the national sovereignty base set out in NAFTA.明年这些政策措施应继续加强对国家主权的基础建立在北美自由贸易协定。
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