| Posted by Ross Korves 发布者罗斯Korves |
| Thursday, 01 March 2007星期四， 2007年3月1日 |
International trade results in increased economic growth and improved standards of living.国际贸易的结果增加了经济增长和提高生活水平。 As the political process debates the Doha Round of WTO negotiations and extension of Trade Promotion Authority to negotiate trade agreements and have Congress vote on them without amendments, it is important to keep in mind why producers and consumers trade.随着政治进程的辩论多哈回合的世贸组织谈判和延长贸易促进授权谈判贸易协定，并国会表决未经修正，重要的是要记住，为什么生产者和消费者的贸易。
The current Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board Ben Bernanke in March of 2004 in a speech at Duke University said, “The economist`s argument for free trade is disarmingly simple.目前美国联邦储备委员会主席伯南克局在2004年3月在一次讲话中杜克大学的说： “经济学家论证了自由贸易是disarmingly简单。 Trade is beneficial because it facilitates the division of labor, allowing each person to specialize in the type of production at which he or she is relatively most efficient.贸易是有益的，因为它促进了分工，使每个人专门类型的生产，他或她是相对最有效的。 At the most basic level, a world in which each person produced everything that he or she consumed would be primitive indeed, as no single person or family in isolation could produce more than a few rudimentary goods and services.”在最基本的层面，在这个世界上每个人生产的一切，他或她将消耗原始事实上，没有一个单一的个人或家庭隔离可能产生超过几个简陋的货物和服务。 “
To understand that point we need to look no further than the half of the world’s 6.5 billion inhabitants who live on less than $2 per day.要理解这一点，我们需要看看没有进一步的比世界上一半的65亿居民谁生活费不到2美元度日。 To improve their standard of living they need to spend less time producing goods they directly consume and more time producing goods and services they can trade with other people for items they cannot efficiently produce themselves.为了改善他们的生活水准，他们需要花费更少的时间，他们生产的货物直接消耗更多的时间和生产商品和服务贸易他们可以与其他人的物品，他们不能有效地生产本身。 That is why the Doha Round of WTO talks is labeled as the “development round.” Consumers’ purchasing power increases with trade as does incomes for producers who use imported capital goods and/or raw materials to produce more output at lower per unit costs.这就是为什么多哈回合的WTO谈判是标示为“发展回合。 ”消费者购买力的增加与贸易一样生产者的收入谁使用进口资本货物和/或原料生产更多的产出较低的单位成本。
Bernanke continued in his remarks, “In contrast, if each person concentrates on just a few activities, economies of scale and the development of specialized skills allow production to become much more efficient.伯南克继续在他的讲话， “相反，如果每个人集中在短短的活动，规模经济和发展的专门技能使生产变得更加有效。 Thus, if each of us focuses our efforts on just a few types of production and then trades our output with others, we can enjoy a far more varied and abundant supply of goods and services than we could if each person remained an isolated economic unit.因此，如果我们每个人都集中在我们的努力只有几类型的生产，然后输出我们的行业与其他国家一样，我们可以享受更为多样和丰富的货物和服务供应可能比我们如果每个人仍然是一个孤立的经济单位。 Moreover, specialization tends to encourage innovation and hence promotes dynamism and growth as well as efficiency.” Workers in high income countries produce goods and services they do not consume and trade in the marketplace for other products they value.此外，专业化趋势，以鼓励创新，从而促进活力和增长以及效率。 “工人在高收入国家生产商品和服务，他们不消费和贸易市场中的其它产品，他们的价值。
Trade creates competition that causes producers to continually seek out ways to further increase efficiency.贸易创造竞争，导致生产者要不断寻找途径，进一步提高效率。 Soybean farmers in the US are constantly innovating because they want to stay a step ahead of the Brazilian and Argentine producers who compete with them in the Chinese market for 34 million metric ton of imported soybeans and products.大豆的农民在美国不断创新，因为他们想留的一个步骤之前，巴西和阿根廷生产商谁与他们竞争在中国市场的3400万吨进口大豆和产品。 The same is true for US wine producers who competed with the French by selling $470 million of wine in the EU market in 2006, while competing in the US market with $761 millions of wine from Australia.这同样适用于美国的葡萄酒生产商竞争，谁与法国出售4.7亿美元的葡萄酒在欧盟市场在2006年，虽然公司在美国市场761美元数以百万计的葡萄酒来自澳大利亚。
This increased competition from international trade leaves some firms and workers less financially secure than they would be without the increased competition.这种竞争加剧的国际贸易使一些企业和工人的经济保障不足比他们将没有竞争日益激烈。 But, that is true of any domestic market where competition is allowed to operate.但是，这是真正的任何国内市场的竞争是获准开办。 According to Robert Thompson, Professor of Agricultural Economics at the University of Illinois writing in the March 2007 Chicago Federal Reserve newsletter, “Every three months about 7 million Americans change jobs, and over 400,000 new jobs are created in the United States.” A new food store in town makes all existing stores and workers in those stores less secure as does a new trucking firm or a new meat processing plant.据罗伯特汤普森教授，农业经济在伊利诺伊大学的写作2007年3月美国芝加哥联邦储备通讯， “每3个月内约有700万美国人就业机会的变化，并超过400000新的就业机会是建立在美国。 ”一种新的食品商店在城里使现有的所有商店和工人在这些商店的安全性一样，一个新的货运公司或一个新的肉类加工厂。
Workers are also consumers who benefit from lower prices for the goods and services they purchase.工人消费者谁也受益于较低的价格获得的货物和服务的购买。 They are better off when the cost of underwear decreases by 10 percent because of increased trade or when the quality of cars goes up while the price remains unchanged.他们是更好的成本时，内衣跌幅百分之十，因为增加贸易，或当汽车质量的上升，而价格保持不变。 If all goods and services cost the same in all countries, there would be no opportunities for trade.如果所有的商品和服务成本相同的所有国家，就不会有的贸易机会。 Prices vary because of the availability of natural resources, the degree of economic development in a country and the amount of investment in specific industries.价格各不相同，因为可利用的自然资源，经济发展程度的国家和投资额在特定的行业。
A country’s competitive position changes as economic development occurs.一个国家的竞争地位变化的经济发展情况。 As Professor Thompson pointed out, “As the labor-intensive sectors move to take advantage of cheaper labor elsewhere, they leave behind a significant reduction in poverty in each country they depart.” Over the last 50 years labor intensive low wage jobs that were in Japan in the 1950s and 1960s went to Taiwan and Korea in the 1970s and 1980s and have since moved onto other lower wage countries in Asia.正如汤普森教授指出， “作为劳动密集行业转向利用劳动力低廉的其他地方，他们留下一个显着减少贫困的每个国家他们离开。 ”在过去50年中劳力密集的低工资工作，在日本在50年代和60年代去台湾和韩国在70年代和80年代，自那时以来走上其他低工资的亚洲国家。 Those jobs left those countries because higher paying jobs were spawned by economic development.这些离开工作岗位，因为这些国家的高收入的工作带来了经济的发展。
The arguments against increased international trade are more appropriately characterized as argument against innovation and marketplace change.反对的论点增加了国际贸易，更适于定性为反对创新和市场的变化。 If innovation is bad because it causes change and financial insecurity, then we should shut down all research and development efforts within the US如果创新是坏，因为它造成的变化和金融不安全，那么我们就应该关闭所有的研究和开发工作在美国
Because trade is a positive sum relationship, making the adjustments caused by freer trade leads to a better outcome for everyone, including those temporarily losing jobs.因为贸易是一种积极的总和关系，使调整所造成的自由贸易将导致更好的结果为每个人，包括那些暂时失去就业机会。 As Professor Thompson puts it, “Economic theory tells us that when trade liberalization occurs, the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers, and the country as a whole ends up better off.正如汤普森教授所说的那样， “经济理论告诉我们，在贸易自由化的发生，取得的成果上涨超过损失的失败者，和整个国家的最终更好地赶走。 It does not say there are no losers, but it does say that because the gains of the gainers exceed the losses of the losers, it should be possible to compensate the losers for their losses and still end up with a net gain to society as a whole.” Increased international trade is an opportunity to improve current economic outcomes of workers and consumers and foster innovation and market growth for years to come.它不说，有没有输家，但它说，由于收益的上涨超过了损失的失败者，应该能够补偿失败者的损失，仍然最终净收益为社会整个。 “增加了国际贸易，是一个机会，改善当前的经济成果，工人和消费者，促进创新和市场增长的几年。
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